I‘d honestly be interested where you are from and how it is in other parts of the world. In my country (or at least at my university), we have to learn most of what you described during our bachelors. For us there is not much focus on programming languages though and more about concepts. If you want to learn programming, you are mostly on your own. The theories we learned are a good base though

How would under age people vote? Where I am from, you can only vote at 18 (16 for some special elections), so bad luck if you are under 18 and want to be represented